(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：
absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：
Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.
It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.
(2)不定式做主语补足语：
besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.
2.不定式做宾语
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如：
Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodo
ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”
curiositytodo“对……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“对……好奇”
abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”
AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.
Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.
(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：
Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语，soasto不能置于句首。如：
(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to结构做程度状语。如：
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.
(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。如：
Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。
二、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：
acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：
Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.
2.动名词做介词短语
考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：
objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。
三、时态、语态
时态、语态需要掌握的要点：
1.表达将来时的形式：
(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：
Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.
(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)
Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.
(表示1919年时已发生的情况)
BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.
ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.
(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：
Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.
(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：
Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.
时态、语态答题思路：
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：
●现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。
●过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：
It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)
TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相当于whichgave...)
Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion
(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：
Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)
Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)
Theauthorgaveadetaileddeionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.
(相当于…deionwhichwasbasedon…)
(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：
anescapedprisoner一个逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人
afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生
2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式
Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前发生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：
Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.
Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.
(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.
Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.
(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.
(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdeionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.
Fordtriedspanidingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.
3.分词的独立主格结构
分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：
Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.
Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.
五、非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
meantodo想要(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)
meandoing意味(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)
forgettodo忘记(要做的事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)
forgetdoing忘记(已做的事)rememberdoing记得(已做过的事)
goontodo继而(做另一件事)stoptodo停下来去做另一件事
goondoing继续(做原来的事)stopdoing停止正在做的事
regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔
2.不定式的习惯用法
句型：cannothelpbutdocannotbutdo
cannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdo
havenochoice/alternativebuttodo
上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：
Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.
WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.
3.动名词的习惯用法
句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.
It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.
spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.
cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.
Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.
Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.
Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
4.therebe非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：
Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe，做其他状语用therebeing。如：
Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)
Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.
(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)
Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因状语)
(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing。如：
Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.
六、情态动词
注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：
1.表示已经发生的情况
(1)musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。如：
MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright”
(2)can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如：
Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.
(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.
2.表示虚拟语气
(1)needn’thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如：
Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.
(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.
(3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：
Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.
(4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。如：
Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.
(5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：
Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.
3.几个情态动词常考的句型
(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如：
Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.
(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：
Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.
Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.
(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。
(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：
Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.
七、虚拟语气
1.主从句谓语动词的时态
(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:
主句
从句
与现在事实相反
would/情态动词过去式+do
were(不分人称)/did
与过去事实相反
would/情态动词过去式+havedone
haddone
与将来事实相反
shoulddo/weretodo
如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.
Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.
Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)
HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.
(3)识别事实和假设混合句：
Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)
Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)
2.名词性从句的虚拟形式
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：
(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：
desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：
Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.
Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：
advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：
Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.
Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.
(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：
insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：
JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.
Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.
3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：
(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse;副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：
Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.
Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.
(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：
ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.
(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.
4.常用虚拟形式的句型
(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：
wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose…
hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing…
Ifonly…Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)
如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.
I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.
IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.
Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.
(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(与现在事实相反)
Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如：
Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.
(3)Ifonly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：
Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.
(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：
Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.
(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：
Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.
Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.
八、形容词、副词及其比较级
1.形容词的句法功能
形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：
(1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。
(2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。
(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。
2.考比较级时，考生应把握
(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：
DoyouenjoylisteningtorecordsIfindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.
Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.
(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：
Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.
Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.
(3)比较级的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…,或修饰语+more…than…。如：
Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.
“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”
(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan。如：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.
3.最高级形式应注意的问题
比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：
anyother+单数名词
theother+复数名词
theothers
anyone/anythingelse
上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
4.有关比较级的特殊句型
(1)notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……
Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.
(2)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.
Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.
(3)no/notanyless…than…两者一样都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.
(4)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.
九、代词
1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致
如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.
Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.
2.that的指代作用
that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.
Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.
3.one的指代作用
one指代不确指的单数可数名词，复数为ones。theone指代确指的单数可数名词。如：
Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.
十、主谓一致问题
1.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语。如：
Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.
2.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：
Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.
Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.
3.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：
Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.
Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.
4.主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：
Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.
6.某些固定结构中谓语的数：
agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数
manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数
anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数
thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数
themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数
each/every+可数名词单数谓语用单数
neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数
morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数
oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数
thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/therestof
谓语的数与of后面的名词一致
十一、平行结构
1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：
Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.
Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.
2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。
(1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：
Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.
Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.
(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：
Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.
十二、倒装结构
1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装
never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless。如：
Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.
Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.
2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装
Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.
3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装
often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。如：
Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.
4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装
(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on。如：
Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.
(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：
Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.
5.让步从句的倒装
(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：
MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.
(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。如：
Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.
Comewhatmay,I’llbeonyourside.
6.比较从句的倒装
as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：
Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.
Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.
十三、复合句——形容词性(定语)从句
1.尤其要注意whose的用法
whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：
2.介词+which的用法
如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：
Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.
3.as与which用作关系代词的区别
(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如：Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.
(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：
Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.
Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。
4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别
(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略;
(2)先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that;
(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last,only,very修饰时，用that;
(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导;
(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。
5.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not,that…not
这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：
Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.
Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.
十四、复合句——副词性(状语)从句
状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。
if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。如：
Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.
(2)复合连词aslongas，solongas，asfaras，onconditionthat，intheeventthat;动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，giventhat,suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：
YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.
Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.
Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)
Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)
Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)
Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit(假如……)
(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.
Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.
2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
(1)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：
Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.
Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.
(2)while引导让步从句。如:
Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.
(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:
Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.
(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。如:
Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.
IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.
(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：
Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如:
Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.
Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.
4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:
Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.
Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.
(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:
Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.
Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.
Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。
5.while,whereas引导对比从句
如:WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.
Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.
6.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句
如:Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.
Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.
7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句
如:Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.
HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”
如:InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.
十五、复合句——名词性从句
一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语/介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。
1.what/whatever的用法
考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：
Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.
(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)
Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.
(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)
2.whoever和whomever的区别
whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：
Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语)
3.有关同位语从句的问题
Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.
(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：
Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别
(1)主语从句只能用whether引导;
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式;
(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末;
(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能;
(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导;
(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导;
(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。
5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。